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The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans, and spans all cultures. It represents a continuous, though periodically disrupted, tradition from Antiquity. Across cultures, and spanning continents and millennia, the history of painting is an ongoing river of creativity, that continues into the 21st century. Until the early 20th century it relied primarily on representational, religious and classical motifs, after which time more purely abstract and conceptual approaches gained favor. Developments in Eastern painting historically parallel those in Western painting, in general, a few centuries earlier.〔''The Meeting of Eastern and Western Art'', Revised and Expanded edition (Hardcover) by Michael Sullivan.〕 African art, Jewish art, Islamic art, Indian art, Chinese art, and Japanese art each had significant influence on Western art, and vice versa. Initially serving utilitarian purpose, followed by imperial, private, civic, and religious patronage, Eastern and Western painting later found audiences in the aristocracy and the middle class. From the Modern era, the Middle Ages through the Renaissance painters worked for the church and a wealthy aristocracy.〔(Discussion of the role of patrons in the Renaissance ). Retrieved 11 November 2008.〕 Beginning with the Baroque era artists received private commissions from a more educated and prosperous middle class.〔(History 1450–1789: Artistic Patronage ). Retrieved 11 November 2008.〕 Finally in the West the idea of "art for art's sake"〔(Britannica.com ). Retrieved 11 November 2008.〕 began to find expression in the work of the Romantic painters like Francisco de Goya, John Constable, and J.M.W. Turner.〔(Victorianweb.org ), Aesthetes, Decadents, and the Idea of Art for Art's Sake George P. Landow, Professor of English and the History of Art, Brown University. Retrieved 11 November 2008.〕 The 19thcentury saw the rise of the commercial art gallery, which provided patronage in the 20th century.〔(''Cézanne to Picasso: Ambroise Vollard, Patron of the Avant-Garde,'' Chicago Art Institute. Retrieved 11 November 2008 ).〕 ==Pre-history== The oldest known paintings are approximately 40,000 years old. José Luis Sanchidrián at the University of Cordoba, Spain, believes the paintings are more likely to have been painted by Neanderthals than early modern humans.〔(Jonathan Amos, ''Red dot becomes oldest cave art'', BBC )〕〔(Gizmodo, ''These Are the Earliest Human Paintings Ever'' )〕 The Grotte Chauvet in France is claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth or humans often hunting. There are examples of cave paintings all over the world—in France, India, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia etc. Various conjectures have been made as to the meaning these paintings had to the people that made them. Prehistoric men may have painted animals to "catch" their soul or spirit in order to hunt them more easily or the paintings may represent an animistic vision and homage to surrounding nature. They may be the result of a basic need of expression that is innate to human beings, or they could have been for the transmission of practical information. Image:Bhimbetka.JPG|Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, rock painting, Stone Age, India Image:lascaux2.jpg|Lascaux, ''Horse'' Image:San Painting, Ukalamba Drakensberge 1.JPG|''Eland'', rock painting, Drakensberg, South Africa Image:Lascaux painting.jpg|Lascaux, ''Bulls and Horses'' File:AltamiraBison.jpg|''Bison'', in the great hall of policromes, Cave of Altamira, Spain Image:Haljesta.jpg|Petroglyphs, from Sweden, Nordic Bronze Age (painted) Image:GreatGalleryedit.jpg|Pictographs from the Great Gallery, Canyonlands National Park, Horseshoe Canyon, Utah, c. 1500 BCE File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for Cave of the Hands) in the Santa Cruz province in Argentina, c.550 BC In Paleolithic times, the representation of humans in cave paintings was rare. Mostly, animals were painted, not only animals that were used as food but also animals that represented strength like the rhinoceros or large Felidae, as in the Chauvet Cave. Signs like dots were sometimes drawn. Rare human representations include hand-stencils and figures depicting human / animal hybrids. The Chauvet Cave in the Ardèche Departments of France contains the most important preserved cave paintings of the Paleolithic era, painted around 31,000 BC. The Altamira cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BC and show, among others, bisons. The hall of bulls in Lascaux, Dordogne, France, is one of the best known cave paintings from about 15,000 to 10,000 BC. If there is meaning to the paintings, it remains unknown. The caves were not in an inhabited area, so they may have been used for seasonal rituals. The animals are accompanied by signs which suggest a possible magic use. Arrow-like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as being used as calendars or almanacs, but the evidence remains inconclusive.〔M. Hoover, "Art of the Paleolithic and Neolithic Eras", from ''Art History Survey 1'', San Antonio College (July 2001; accessed 11 June 2005).〕 The most important work of the Mesolithic era were the ''marching warriors'', a rock painting at Cingle de la Mola, Castellón, Spain dated to about 7000 to 4000 BC. The technique used was probably spitting or blowing the pigments onto the rock. The paintings are quite naturalistic, though stylized. The figures are not three-dimensional, even though they overlap The earliest known Indian paintings (see section below) were the rock paintings of prehistoric times, the petroglyphs as found in places like the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, (see above) and some of them are older than 5500 BC. Such works continued and after several millennia, in the 7th century, carved pillars of Ajanta, Maharashtra state present a fine example of Indian paintings. The colors, mostly various shades of red and orange, were derived from minerals. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「history of painting」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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